Well there's your problem, some of the black paint came off!
Yup, you shoulda used self etching, high heat primer. Identifying what went wrong doesn't really help with the problem at hand though.
What you might try is getting another die cut decal and using the negative part of the sheet over the existing graphic on your grill (covering the yellow and exposing the ill fated black paint) and repainting. That is of course if the decal comes with the negative part, meaning the whole sheet. If it didn't, you might call the company and ask of they can send you the whole sheet or at least negative. The decals all start with a full sheet of vinyl, but they cut out the design and usually discard the outer part.
Other option is use some aircraft paint stripper and start over with another decal. And, self etching primer of course. :)
By the way, my understanding is that zinc chromate primer is only really necessary as a barrier to galvanic corrosion caused by dissimilar metals. As in between an aluminum hull or outdrive and a copper based antifouling paint. I don't think Galvanic corrosion is going to be a big problem on a mini
WSM, so I'd think any high heat, self etching primer would be fine.